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TERRORISM
CASTRO AND
TERRORISM
1959-2001
A CHRONOLOGY by Eugene Pons,
with a foreword by Jaime Suchlicki,
Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies Occasional Paper Series
September 2001
FOREWORD
Since 1948 when, as a young student, Fidel Castro participated in the
violence that rocked Colombian
society and distributed anti-U.S. propaganda, he has been guided by two
objectives: a commitment to violence and
a virulent anti-Americanism. His struggle since and his
forty-two years rule in Cuba have been characterized primarily by these
goals.
In the 1960's Castro and his brother, Raul, believed that the political
and economic conditions that produced their revolution existed in Latin
America and that anti-American revolutions would occur throughout the
continent. Cuban agents and diplomats established contact with
revolutionary, terrorist and guerrilla groups in the area and began
distributing propaganda, weapons and aid. Many Latin Americans were
brought to Cuba for training and then returned to their countries.
At the Tricontinental Conference held in Havana in
1966 and attended by revolutionary leaders from throughout the world,
Castro insisted that bullets not ballots was the way to achieve power
and provided the institutional means to promote his anti-American,
violent line. He insisted that "conditions exist for an armed
revolutionary struggle" and criticized those who opposed armed struggle,
including some Communist leaders in Latin America, as "traitorous,
rightists, and deviationists."
Castro's attempts in the 1960's to bring revolutionary, anti-American
regimes to power failed. His support for guerrillas and terrorist groups
in Guatemala, Venezuela, and Bolivia only produced violence and
suffering to those countries and their people, which repudiated violence
as a means to achieve power. Violence resulted in military regimes
coming to power in several Latin American countries
For the next two decades, the Cuban leadership, supported by the Soviet
Union, modified its tactics. In addition to agents from the America
Department, the subversive arm of Cuba's Communist Party, Castro used
his Armed Forces to help friendly groups achieve power in Latin America
and Africa. In Nicaragua Cuban military personnel, weapons and
intelligence supported and helped bring to power the Sandinistas. In El
Salvador, a bloody civil war in part fomented and aided by Cuba, ended
in a stalemate and a negotiated peace. In Africa, Castro achieved his
most significant victories. The Soviet-Cuban backed Movement for the
Liberation of Angola (MPLA) faction was installed in power in Angola and
other Cuban supported regimes came to power throughout the continent.
The Cuban military also trained and supplied the South-West African
Peoples Organization (SWAPO) and the African National Congress (ANC),
forces fighting the South African regime.
Castro also became involved with African-Americans in the U.S. and with
the Macheteros, a Puerto Rican terrorist group. Cuba focused particular
attention on the black struggle in the U.S., providing aid and training
to the Black Panthers and the Black Liberation Army, as well as a
safehaven on the island for black leaders. Castro continuously promoted
the independence of Puerto Rico and supported the Macheteros who
committed terrorist acts and bank robberies in the United States.
Several still live in Cuba.
Cuban military and intelligence personnel aided Middle Eastern groups
and regimes in their struggle against Israel, and Cuban troops fought on
the side of Arab States, particularly Syria, during the Yom Kippur war.
Castro sent military instructors and advisors into Palestinian bases;
cooperated with Libya in the founding of World Mathaba, a terrorist
movement; and established close military cooperation and exchanges with
Iraq, Libya, Southern Yemen, the Polisario Front for the Liberation of
Western Sahara, the PLO and others in the Middle East.
Despite the collapse of the Soviet Union, Castro continues to undermine
U.S. policies in the Middle East in several ways: a) by portraying U.S.
actions and diplomacy in the region as those of an aggressor, seeking to
impose hegemony by force, particularly in Iraq and the perpetration of
unjustified economic sanctions on Iraq and Iran; b) by portraying the
U.S. as the main obstacle to a peaceful settlement of the Israel/Arab
conflict; and c) by discrediting U.S. policies and seeking support for
Cuba at the U.N. These anti-American views and policies are conveyed as
a systematic message through a network of Cuban embassies and agents, as
well as at the U.N. and other non-governmental political, religious and
cultural organizations.
While not abandoning his close relationships in the Middle East, Castro
has recently concentrated his support on several groups: the Fuerzas
Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), where Castro, and his new
ally Hugo Chavez of Venezuela, see significant possibilities for
success; ETA, the Basque terrorist/separatist organization from Spain,
which has found refuge and support in Cuba, and the Irish Republican
Army (IRA), which established its Latin American headquarters in Havana.
American policymakers should pay careful attention to the intricate web
of relationships which emerges so clearly from this chronology. It
carefully details Castro's involvement with and support for terrorist
regimes and organizations during the past four decades. Cuba's
geographical location, Castro's continuous connections with these groups
and states and the harboring of terrorists in Havana creates a dynamic
that requires vigilance and alertness. It should be emphasized that in
addition to violence and terrorism, Castro and his regime, have been for
more than four decades, the most vocal and active proponents of
anti-Americanism. The often-repeated view in many countries that the
United States is an evil power, guilty for much of the problems and
sufferings of the developing world, is owed in great part to the
propaganda efforts of Fidel Castro.
Jaime Suchlicki
Director Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies
September 2001
Castro and Terrorism A Chronology
By Eugene Pons
1959-1967
Raúl Castro and Che Guevara visited Cairo and established contacts with
African liberation movements stationed in and supported by Cairo. Both
Cuban leaders visited Gaza and expressed support for the Palestinian
cause.
Members of the Dominican Republic "Agrupación Política Catorce de Junio"
received military training in Cuba.
Major emphasis was placed on instructing several hundred pro-Castro
Latin Americans in violence and guerrilla warfare. Dominicans,
Guatemalans, Venezuelans and Chileans were trained in special camps in
Cuba and infiltrated back to their countries.
Castro established relations with the Algerian FLN; official and public
support was extended, weapons were shipped to the FLN through Morocco
(1960-1961). Cuba provided shelter, medical and educational services and
cooperation in the fields of counter-intelligence and intelligence.
African leaders from Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, South Africa,
Spanish Guinea, Tanganyika and Zanzibar arrived in Cuba for military
training.
Che Guevara engaged in guerrilla operations in Congo-Kinshasa (former
Zaire) in 1965.
A revolutionary trained in Cuba, John Okello, overthrew the pro-Western
government in Zanzibar in 1964 and proclaimed the "People's Republic of
Zanzibar" which was promptly recognized by Cuba and the Soviet Union.
Conference of Latin American Communist Parties held in Havana agreed to
"help actively the guerrilla forces in Venezuela, Guatemala, Paraguay,
Colombia, Honduras and Haiti".
Group of Venezuelans, members of the Movimiento de la Izquierda
Revolucionaria (MIR), trained in Cuba and landed in the Venezuela coast
in the State of Miranda.
Cuban trained Guatemalans Cesar Montes and Luis Turcios Lima led a
violent terrorist/guerrilla campaign against the government in
Guatemala. Montes organized the Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP)
in Guatemala. In the 1980's he joined the FMLN in El Salvador and
participated actively in the bloody civil war in that country.
Cuba welcomed the founding of the PLO. First contacts with Palestinian
FATAH in 1965 in Algiers and Damascus.
The Tricontinental Conference was held in Havana in January, 1966 to
adopt a common political strategy against colonialism, neocolonialism,
and imperialism. Cuba provided the organizational structure to support
terrorist, anti-American groups in the Middle East and Latin America.
The Organization for the Solidarity with the Peoples of Africa, Asia and
Latin America (OSPAAL) was created.
Fidel Castro created The National Liberation Directorate (DLN) in Cuba
to support revolutionary groups throughout the world. DLN was
responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's terrorist training
camps in the island, covert movement of personnel and military supplies
from Cuba and a propaganda apparatus.
A Cuban controlled Latin American Solidarity Organization (LASO), with
its permanent seat in Havana was created to "coordinate and foment the
fight against North American imperialism".
In Venezuela, Castro made a relentless and determined effort to create
another Cuba by supporting the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
(FALN) and promoting violence and terrorism against the democratically
elected regime of Rómulo Betancourt.
Castro sent weapons via Cairo, to the NLF in Southern Yemen. Cuban
agents were sent on fact-finding missions to North and South Yemen
(1967- 1968).
Cuba published a small book by French Marxist journalist Regis Debray
Revolution in the Revolution, promoting guerrilla warfare in Latin
America. The book was translated into various languages and distributed
widely.
Cuban supported guerrillas led by Che Guevara moved into Bolivia in an
attempt to create "many Vietnams " in South America.
Cuba and Syria developed a close alliance and supported FATAH and the
Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF).
1968-1975
* Cuba continued its military and political support for FATAH after the
Syrians broke with the latter, and Cuban military, political and
intelligence support was granted to other Palestinian organizations.
Castro sent military instructors and advisors into Palestinian bases in
Jordan to train Palestinian Fedayeen (1968); first high-level delegation
from FATAH-PLO visited Cuba (1970).
Several missions sent to Southern Yemen to support NLF/FATAH Ismail both
politically and militarily.
Castro began supporting and training of M19, a Colombian guerrilla group
that captured the Dominican Embassy and the Justice building in Bogota
and assassinated several prominent Colombian judges.
In 1970 a "Mini Manual for Revolutionaries" was published in the
official LASO publication Tricontinental, written by Brazilian urban
terrorist leader Carlos Marighella. The mini manual gives precise
instruction in terror tactics, kidnappings, etc. The short book was
translated into numerous languages and distributed worldwide by Cuba.
Cuba commenced political and military cooperation with Somalia's Siad
Barre (1969).
Economic and political cooperation began with Libya in 1974.
In 1974 the National Liberation Directorate (DLN) was reorganized into
the America Department (DA) under the Communist Party of Cuba Central
Committee. The DA centralized control over Cuban activities for
supporting national liberation movements. The DA was responsible for
planning and coordinating Cuba's secret guerrilla and terrorist training
camps, networks for the covert movement of personnel and material from
Cuba, and a propaganda apparatus. DA agents also operated in Europe and
other regions. Trusted Castro ally Manuel Piñeiro, " Barbaroja" was
placed in charge.
Cuba provided training and support to the Tupamaros, a terrorist group
operating in Uruguay.
Cuba's America Department (DA) set up a network for the funneling of
weapons and supplies to the Sandinistas in Nicaragua.
In 1979 second in command in Cuba's America Department (DA) Armando
Ulises Estrada, helped unify Sandinista factions fighting Somoza.
Closer connections with FATAH-PLO and other Palestinian organizations
were reinforced, including training of Latin American guerrillas in
Lebanon; Cuba's military support included counter-intelligence and
intelligence training.
Arafat visited Cuba in 1974.
Cuba provided military support and personnel to Syria during the Yom
Kippur War (1973-1975).
Black Panther Party members from the U.S. were trained in Canada by
Cuban personnel. Black Panther leaders and other U.S. blacks also
received weapons and explosives training in Havana.
Cuba joined with Algeria and Libya on a diplomatic/political offensive
in support of Frente POLISARIO (People's Front for the Liberation of
Western Sahara and Río del Oro); later on provided military cooperation,
and medical services.
1976-1982
The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that there were 300
Palestinians training in Cuban camps.
Cuba supported the so-called "Steadfastness Front" against the U.S.
backed Camp David accord.
Illich Rámirez Sánchez, known as "Carlos, the Jackal", responsible for
numerous terrorist acts in Europe, trained in Cuba. He attended the 1966
Tricontinental Conference in Havana and later trained in urban guerrilla
tactics, automatic weapons, explosives and sabotage in Cuba.
Abu Iyad, a close aid to Yasser Arafat, stated in 1978 that hundreds of
Palestinian had been sent to Cuban terrorist camps.
Additional military and political support provided to the Palestinian
cause; Arafat attended the Sixth Non-Aligned Conference in Havana
(1979).
During Havana visit, Arafat signed agreement for military cooperation
and arms supply.
Significant hard currency loans (tens of million) were facilitated by
Arafat-PLO to the Cuban government under very soft terms; Cuba granted
diplomatic and political support to Arafat during the 1982 Israeli
invasion of Lebanon.
The Aden (South Yemen) regime supported the Ethiopian radical officers
commanded by Mengistu Haile Mariam, sending Yemeni military units in
support of the latter against Somali aggression, and asking the Cubans
to do the same. Cuba joined in, first with a group of officers headed by
General Arnaldo Ochoa, a move that was followed later on by the
deployment of large Cuban forces against the Somali invasion. Also as
part of the alliance with the Aden regime, Cuba granted some small-scale
support to the Dhofaris in their armed struggle against the monarchy in
Oman.
The Cuban trained Congolese National Liberation Front invaded Shala,
Zaire.
As part of Cuba's alliance with Mengistu Haile Mariam's regime in
Ethiopia, the Cuban leadership decided to engage in active political and
military support of the Liberation Movement of Southern Sudan headed by
John Garang against the Arab-Muslim regime in Khartoum.
Cuba developed closer ties with and sent military advisors to Iraq.
Cuba's America Department (DA) operated a weapons pipeline to the
Farabundo Martí National Front (FMLN) a terrorist group attempting to
gain power in El Salvador.
Cuba cooperated with Libya in the political founding of the World
MATHABA in Tripoli, to provide political support and coordinate
revolutionary violence throughout the world. Cuba supported Libya's
stand on Chad and the FRENTE POLISARIO.
Cuban trained terrorists members of the Guatemalan EGP kidnapped a
businessman in Guatemala. Several were arrested in Mexico when
attempting to collect ransom.
Despite its close links with Baghdad, Cuba recognized and praised the
Iranian Revolution. Once Iraq attacked Iran, Castro withdrew his
military advisors from Baghdad and adopted a position of official
impartiality, though more sympathetic to Baghdad, due to his past
relations.
1983-1990
Argentine born Cuban intelligence agent Jorge Massetti helped funnel
Cuban funds to finance Puerto Rican terrorists belonging to the
Machetero group. The Macheteros highjacked a Wells Fargo truck in
Connecticut in September 1983 and stole $7.2 million.
Cuba's America Department (DA) provided, thru Jorge Massetti, weapons
and several thousand dollars to the Chilean MIR.
Libyan support to Latin American revolutionary movements, especially in
Central America and the whole of the World MATHABA project, declined
after the U.S.bombing of Tripoli in 1986.
Cuban agents in Mexico engaged in bank robberies to finance several
terrorist groups from Latin America operating out of Mexico.
The Palestinian Intifada increased Cuba's support for Arafat and the
PLO, both diplomatic and military.
Several dozen Mexicans received training in terrorism and guerrilla
warfare in Sierra del Rosario, Pinar del Rio Province and in Guanabo, in
eastern Cuba.
After the negotiations leading to the establishment of the Palestinian
National Authority, Cuban-Palestinian military cooperation was enhanced,
including the areas of counter-intelligence and intelligence.
In early 1989, Cuban General Patricio de la Guardia directed a plot in
Havana and charged Jorge Massetti with blowing up the U.S. transmission
balloon of TV Martí located in the Florida Keys.
Cuba condemned Iraq for its invasion and annexation of Kuwait,
supporting the latter's sovereignty; it also condemned U.S. military
operations in the Gulf and abstained at the U.N. from supporting the
bulk of the sanctions imposed on Baghdad. A Cuban military delegation
was sent to Iraq to learn and share what was considered vital
information and experiences from U.S. combat operations in Kuwait and
Iraq.
Cuba provided advanced weapons and demolition training to the Tupac
Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) in Perú. The Tupac Amaru attacked
the U.S. Embassy in 1984; bombed the Texaco offices in 1985 and attacked
the residence of the U.S. Ambassador in 1985 all in Lima, Perú.
1991-2001
ETA, a Spanish terrorist organization seeking a separate Basque
homeland, established the Cuartel General (General Headquarters) in
Havana.
A high-level PLO military delegation including the head of Intelligence
paid a visit to Cuba.
On February 24, 1996, Cuban Air Force Migs shot down, in international
waters, two small unarmed civilian planes belonging to Brothers to the
Rescue, a Miami based group. All occupants were killed, including three
American citizens.
The election of Abdelaziz Bouteflika (April 1999) as President of
Algeria, opened new opportunities for Cuba, given Bouteflika's close
relationship with the Cuban government for more than three decades.
PLO leaders continue to have close relations with the Cuban leadership,
having access to specialized military and intelligence training, either
in Cuba or Palestinian territory, and in the sharing of intelligence.
A spokesman for the Basque government in Spain met in Havana with two
high level ETA terrorist taking refuge in Cuba, José Angel Urtiaga
Martinez and Jesús Lucio Abrisqueta Corte.
Cuba continued to provide safe haven to several terrorists fugitives
from the U.S. They include: Black Liberation Army leader Joanne
Chesimard aka Assata Shakur, one of New Jersey's most wanted fugitives
for killing a New Jersey State trooper in 1973 and Charlie Hill a member
of the Republic of New Afrika Movement wanted for the hijacking of TWA
727 and the murder of a New Mexico State trooper
A number of Basque ETA terrorists who gained sanctuary in Cuba some
years ago continued to live on the island, as did several Puerto Ricans
members of the Machetero Group.
Castro refused to join the other Ibero-American heads of state in
condemning ETA terrorism at the 2000 Ibero-American Summit in Panamá and
slammed Mexico for its support of the Summit's statement against
terrorism.
Castro continues to maintain ties to several state sponsors of terrorism
in Latin America. Colombia's two largest terrorist organizations, the
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National
Liberation Army (ELN), both maintain a permanent presence on the island.
Colombian officials arrested IRA members Niall Connelly, Martin McCauley
and James Monaghan and accused then of training the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia (FARC). Connelly had been living in Cuba as the
representative of the IRA for Latin America.
Former Defense Department counter-terrorism expert John More told UPI
that Cubans, militant Palestinians, Hezbollah and even advisors from the
leftist government of Venezuela are all active in Colombia.
During the trial of several Cuban spies in Miami, one of the accused
Alejandro Alonso revealed on December 30, 2000 that he was instructed
from Havana to locate areas in South Florida "where we can move persons
as well as things, including arms and explosives."
Speaking at Tehran University in Iran on May 10, 2001 Fidel Castro vowed
that "the imperialist king will finally fall".
Eugene Pons is the Coordinator of Cuba's Information System at the
Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami.
Glossary
BPP - Black Panther Party - Founded in the United States in 1966 by Huey
P. Newton and Bobby Seale. It adopted Marxist-Leninist principles along
with urban guerrilla warfare, and a structure similar to the American
Communist party.
DGI - Directório General de Inteligencia - The Cuban Department in
charge of collecting intelligence and carrying out covert operations
outside Cuba.
DA - America Department - Centralized control over Cuban activities for
supporting national liberation movements, responsible for planning and
coordinating Cuba's secret guerrilla and terrorist camps, and propaganda
apparatus.
DLN - National Liberation Directorate - Organization created in Cuba to
support revolutionary groups throughout the world. Responsible for
planning and coordinating Cuba's terrorist training camps in the island,
covert movement of personnel and military supplies from Cuba, and
propaganda apparatus.
EGP - Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres - A political-military
Marxist-Leninist organization that followed Cuba and Vietnam as
revolutionary models. This Guatemalan insurgent organization was trained
in Cuba and was very active during the 1970s, seeking to depose the
political and military structure of the country.
ELF - Eritrean Liberation Front - The most influential Eritrean
organization fighting for secession from Ethiopia in the 1960s, actively
supported by the Cuban and Syrian regime since 1965. Various internal
divisions developed later on until the late 1970s, when a new front was
built based on very different domestic and external alliances and,
eventually led the Eritreans to victory. Cuba's support to Mengistu
Haile Mariam's regime in 1978 meant the cessation of previous Cuban
backing to the Eritrean cause.
ELN - National Liberation Army - Organized by the Castro regime, this
Colombian Marxist insurgent group was founded in 1965. Its main
terrorist activities includes kidnappings and extortion targeting
foreign employees of large corporations.
ETA - Basque Separatist Movement - This organization was founded by
militants and leftist students from the University of Madrid in 1962.
They formed guerilla units that commit violent terrorist acts claiming
that they are fighting for freedom of the Basque Region, in Spain. This
group has close relations with the IRA. The two groups have offices in
Havana and their members have found safe haven in Cuba.
FALN - Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional - A Venezuelan guerrilla
organization trained by Cuba in violence and terrorism.
FARC - Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Established in 1964, the
FARC is the oldest and best-equipped Marxist insurgency in Colombia. It
is a well-organized terrorist group that controls several rural and
urban areas. It has received financial and military aid from Cuba and
many of its members were trained in Havana. FATAH - Palestine National
Liberation Movement - Founded in 1959 by younger generations of
Palestinians that had experienced the defeats of 1948 and 1956. The
FATAH are strongly committed to a radical nationalist platform to fight
for Palestine and against Arab intervention and manipulations of the
Palestinian problem. Mostly an underground organization until the June
War in 1967 when it transformed itself into the most powerful and
influential party inside Palestinian and Arab politics. FLN - Front de
Libération National - The political and military organization that led
the war of national liberation against French colonial rule between 1954
and 1962. Ruling political party until the 1980s in Algeria.
FMLN - Farabundo Martí National Front - Formed in 1970, the FMLN is a
terrorist Marxist-Leninist organization intent on establishing a
communist revolutionary regime in El Salvador. The FMLN was extremely
active in its terrorist campaign, receiving assistance from Nicaragua
and Cuba.
FSLN - Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional - This organization was
founded in Havana in 1961 when Carlos Fonseca-Amador's Nicaraguan
Patriotic Youth organization merged with Tomas Borge's Cuban-supported
insurgent group. The group adopted Marxist-Leninist ideology and gained
support from the Castro government, employing low-level guerrilla
warfare and urban terrorism tactics to overthrow the Somoza
dictatorship.
IRA - Irish Republican Army - The IRA is the most dangerous terrorist
organization of Northern Ireland dating back to the early 1920s.
Although, it wasn't until the 1970's when the IRA began terrorist
actions and resurrected the historical conflicts. The IRA targets
political transformation for United Ireland by eliminating Britain from
Northern Ireland and replacing the government of Northern Ireland with a
socialist government. Its Latin American headquarters are in Havana.
LASO - Latin American Solidarity Organization - A Cuban controlled
organization founded during the 1966 Tri-Continental Conference in
Havana to "coordinate and foment the fight against North American
imperialism."
M-19 - Movimiento 19 de Abril - A Castro supported group formed in 1974
to disrupt Colombia's government through acts of terrorism and violence.
The M-19 was very active throughout the 1980s receiving assistance and
training from the Montoneros and Tupamaros groups and the Cuban
government, causing Colombia to temporarily sever diplomatic relations
with Cuba.
M-6-14 - Agrupación Politica Catorce de Junio - Dominican guerrilla
organization trained in Cuba.
MACHETEROS - This terrorist organization is composed of four Puerto
Rican groups: 1) the Macheteros, 2) the Ejercito Popular Borícua (EPB),
3) the Movimiento Popular Revolucionario, and 4) the Partido
Revolucionario de Trabajadores Puertorriqueños. Most of the Macheteros
have been trained in Cuba, were they have established relations with
other terrorist groups. They are responsible for several terrorist acts
within the United States and throughout Puerto Rico.
MIR - Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria - A Chilean insurgent
organization founded in 1965 and supported by Castro. The MIR was very
active in the mid-1970s when they promoted violence and occupied several
rural areas in Chile. The group encountered several set backs during the
1980s that essentially ended their activity.
MONTONEROS - An Argentinean guerilla organization that was formed in
1968 as a Peronist urban anti-government group. It adopted a Marxist
ideology in the mid-1970s after it united with the Fuerzas Armadas
Revolucionarias de Argentina. In 1977, many of its members were exiled
and its numbers reduced to less than 300.
MRTA - Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement - Marxist-Leninist
revolutionary organization formed in 1983 and supported by the Castro
regime. The MRTA's intent was to establish a Marxist regime in Peru
through terrorism, although Peru's counter terrorism program diminished
the groups' ability to effectively carry out terrorist attacks.
NLF - National Front for the Liberation of South Yemen - Created in 1962
in the course of the revolution in North Yemen against the monarchy and
supported by Nasser, the NLF is another important and successful branch
of the Arab Nationalist Movement. Since 1965 it has had very close
relations with Cuba. In 1966-1967, it broke with Nasser and finally
forced the British to negotiate and evacuate Aden. OSPAAL - Organization
for the Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America -
Founded in 1966 in Cuba at the Tri-Continental Conference, this
organization aims to support the struggle of the people of Africa, Asia
and Latin America against imperialism, colonialism and neo-colonialism.
PLO - Palestine Liberation Organization - This organization was founded
in Cairo in 1964 under the auspices of Egypt (then known as the United
Arab Republic) to serve Nasser's manipulations of the Palestinian cause.
The group was composed mostly of conservative Palestinian intellectuals
and bureaucrats serving Arab governments. The PLO was an instrument of
Nasser's foreign policy until the June War of 1967, when the old PLO
leadership collapsed to be replaced by FATEH's leadership headed by
Arafat. POLISARIO - People's Front for the Liberation of Western Sahara
and Río del Oro - The Frente POLISARIO was inspired by the ANM tradition
and the Algerian FLN and was created to fight against the
Spanish-Morrocan-Mauritinian arrangements to split the former colony of
Saguía el Hamra/Río del Oro (known as Western Sahara) between the two
African states. This group enjoyed active support from Algeria and Libya
and Cuba. POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINES - The most
important branch of the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), created in the
1950s as radical followers of Nasser. After the June War of 1967, the
group disassociated itself from Nasser and focused on building a more
radical alternative within the Palestinians under the name of Popular
Front. The group has strong alliances within Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, and
the Gulf, and was heavily engaged in terrorist activities during the
1970s. TRICONTINENTAL - Cuban publication disseminated by the
Organization for the Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin
America (OSPAAL) in four languages: Spanish, English, French, and
Italian / promoting the Castro line of armed struggle.
TUPAMAROS or MNL - Movimiento Nacional de Liberación Tupamaros - This
Uruguay insurgent group was organized in the early 1960s by law student
Raul Sendic. The Tupamaros were one of the first terrorist groups to use
guerrilla warfare in urban areas and established independent terrorist
cells throughout the country.
WORLD MATHABA - A Libyan project from the late 1970s to promote
political, financial, and military support for revolutionary movements
throughout the world. Ghaddafi called on other "revolutionary
governments" to support this project, which Cuba did. MATHABA was
essentially a tool in the hands of the Libyans to project their
individual goals and agenda. Financial and military assistance was never
a collective decision, but responded for the most part to bilateral
arrangements between Ghaddafi's regime and individual organizations,
some of which resorted, at different stages, to terrorist methods like
the IRA and ETA. Insurgencies in Central America, like the Sandinistas
and others, were privileged beneficiaries along with the African
National Congress, Frente POLISARIO, and others.
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Transaction Publishers, 1994.
Pérez Giménez, Alberto; "El Departamento América cubano." Diario ABC
S.L.U., http://www.abc.es/archivo, August 2001.
Profaca, Mario, "Project for Excellence in Journalism in Washington,
D.C.," http://mprofaca.cro.net/carlos.html#top.
Reitan, Ruth, The Rise and Decline of an Alliance: Cuba and African
leaders in the 1960's. Ann Arbor: Michigan State University Press, 1999.
Ross, Enrique, Castro y las Guerrillas en Latinoamerica. Miami:
Distribuidora Universal, 2001.
Sale, Richard, "Analysis: U.S. Policy Morphing in Colombia." United
Press International, 2001.
Sheheri, Tami, "N.J. Governor Blasts Chesimard Letter." APBnews.com;
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a391adbb70910.htm, December 1998.
Terrorism Research Center, The, "Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
(MRTA). Next Generation Terrorism Analysis."
http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/MRTA.shtml, 1996 - 2000. Times, The,
"Arrested IRA man 'is Sinn Fein Cuba link'". British News, August 2001.
Washington Post Foreign Service, "Havana is Haven for Fugitive '70s
Hijacker." August 1999.
- oOo -
The Institute for Cuban & Cuban- American Studies
The Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS) is part of the
School of International Studies at the University of Miami. ICCAS serves
as an academic center for the research and study of Cuban,
Cuban-American and U.S.-Cuban topics. It helps determine and direct the
research agenda in Cuban Studies at the University of Miami and in the
broader world of scholarship through academic programs, publications,
and the sponsoring of original research on specific topics. ICCAS offers
courses on Cuban history and culture and acquires or encourages the
acquisition of relevant books, documents, collections, and other
materials for the Cuban Heritage Collection at the University of Miami
Otto G. Richter Library. It also serves as an educational link between
the university, the exile community, and the South Florida community
at-large. For information please call (305) 284-CUBA (2822); Fax (305)
284-4875; Email to iccas.sis@miami.edu <mailto:iccas.sis@miami.edu>
Address - Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies School of
International Studies P.O. Box 248174 Coral Gables, FL 33124-3010
About the Occasional Paper Series
The Institute publishes between 6-12 works per year as part of its
Occasional Paper Series. A broad range of topics is covered by the
series, from the social sciences to the humanities to more
policy-oriented works on current events. An annual subscription is $50.
Back issues are available for $10 per copy.
OPS Advisory Board
Luis Aguilar León, Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies
Graciella Cruz-Taura, Florida Atlantic University
José Manuel Hernández, Georgetown University (Emeritus)
Irving Louis Horowitz, Rutgers University
Antonio Jorge, Florida International University
Armando Lago, Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy
Lesbia Orta Varona, University of Miami
Jaime Suchlicki, Director Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies
Recently Published
Irving Louis Horowitz, "Political Pilgrimage to Cuba, 1959-1995."
(August 1996).
Joaquín Roy, "España, la Uni?n Europea y Cuba: la evoluci?n de una
relaci?n especial a una política de gestos y de presi?n." (September
1996).
Antonio Jorge, "Methodology, Ideology, and the Economy: The Dismal State
of Cuban Studies." (October 1996).
Enrique A. Baloyra, "Twelve Monkeys: Cuban National Defense and the
Military." (November 1996)
José Manuel Hernández, "Félix Varela: El primer cubano." (December
1996).Double Issue: "Facing the Future: Two views on Cuba's Inevitable
Transition." Includes Edward González, "Cuba's Dismal Post-Castro
Futures" and Alberto Coll, "The Future of U.S.-Cuba Relations."
(February 1996).
Gert Oostindie, "A Loss of Purpose: Crisis and Transition in Cuba."
(March 1997).
Marta Beatriz Roque Cabello and Arnaldo Lauzurique, "Documentos del
Instituto Cubano de Economistas Independientes." (April 1997).
Jaime Suchlicki, "Cuba: A Current Assessment." (May 1997).
Graciella Cruz-Taura, "De Patria Soñada a Nación Funesta: Cuba en la
Obra de José Antonio Saco." (June 1997).
Emilio T. González, "The Cuban Connection: Drug Trafficking and the
Castro Regine." (July 1997).
Gustavo Pérez-Firmat, "A Willingness of the Heart: Cubanidad, Cubaneo,
Cubanía."(September 1997).
Jorge Duany, "From the Cuban ajiaco to the Cuban-American Hyphen:
Changing Discourses of National Identity on the island and in the
Diaspora." (October 1997).
Ricardo Pau-Llosa, "The Tasks of Exile." (November 1997).Ileana Fuentes,
"De Patria a Matria." (December 1997).
Holly Ackerman, "Five Meanings of Cuba's Political Prisoners." (February
1998).
Juan del Aguila, "Exiles or Immigrants? The Politics of National
Identity." (March 1998).
José Manuel Hernández, "The Politics of Wishful Thinking: Nineteenth
Century Precedents of the Bay of Pigs." (April 1998).
George Lambie, "Cuban-European Relations: Historical Perspectives and
Political Consequences." (May 1998).
Charlotte Cosner,"Vegueros and Tabaqueros: Rebellion, Revolution, and
'The Devil's Plant': Challenges to State Control in Colonial Cuba."
(June 1998).
Maria Werlau, "Impressions on the Visit of Pope John Paul II to Cuba."
(September 1998).
Juan Clark, "The Pope's Visit to Cuba and its Aftermath." (June 1999).
Domingo Amuchastegui, "Cuba in the Middle East: A Brief Chronology."
(July 1999).
Antonio Jorge, "The U.S. Embargo and the Failure of the Cuban Economy."
(February 2000).
Efren Cordova and Eduardo Garcia Moure, "Modern Slavery: Labor
Conditions in Cuba." (April 2000).
Efren Cordova and Eduardo Garcia Moure, "La situacion de los
trabajadores en Cuba." (April 2000).
Jaime Suchlicki, "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba." (June 2000).
Sara M. Sanchez, "Afro-Cuban Diasporan Religions: A Comparative Analysis
of the Literature and Selected Annotated Bibliography." (August 2000).
Irving Louis Horowitz, "Searching for the Soul of American Foreign
Policy: The Cuban Embargo and the National Interest." (September 2000).
Dr. Moises Asís, "Judaism in Cuba: 1959-1999." (December 2000).
Enrico Mario Santi, "Fresa y Chocolate: The Rhetoric of Cuban
Reconciliation." (May 2001).
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