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This document was presented
by Sebastian Arcos Cazabon to the
United Nations Human Rights Commission in
Havana, Cuba, September 6 of 1988.
The UNRHC published this document as an inform about the Human Rights
Situations in Cuba, Geneva, Switzerland, 1989
Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, United Nations, 1948
Article 26:
1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in
the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be
compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally
available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the
basis of merit.
2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human
personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and
friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further
the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be
given to their children.
If you ask any defender of the "Cuban Revolution" to identify those rights
which are respected in Cuba, he is sure to begin by saying: "Education is
free and open to all in Cuba." Just how true is this assertion? Certainly,
no Cuban living on the island has to spend anything on his own education or
on that of his children; accordingly, university entrance depends solely on
the student’s qualifications, and as a result, anyone, regardless of his
economic or social position, is able to obtain a degree. Superficially, that
is so; however, is something free merely because we are not charged hard
cash for it? Is it really true that any Cuban may attend university?
First of all, let us examine the notion of "free". From the time a young
person reaches seventh grade and until he completes twelfth grade he is
required to spend 30 days each year working on the land. Until recently the
period was 45 days for pre—university students. If the student is the
recipient of a grant at a Rural Basic Secondary School (ESBEC), then he
faces a double working day, during the morning in the fields, and during the
evening in class, or vice-versa. In neither case is he paid in cash as might
be expected, and any student who does not carry out his work in the fields
is simply barred from going to university.
If they wish to get into the Carlos J. Finlay Medical Science Unit, which
nowadays represents the sole means of studying medicine in Cuba, applicants
must apply for entry while they are in the eleventh grade, and not in the
twelfth grade, as is the case for all other students. This allows time for
their political and moral background to be "checked" by means of personal
interviews and "secret" visits to the Committee for the Defense of the
Revolution in their block. (The person under investigation is never informed
of the time of such visits or whether they have been carried out.)
As if this were not enough, at the beginning of his first year the would—be
doctor is required to take an "oath of unconditional support for the
Revolution" and for its principles. The word "unconditional" puts things in
a nutshell: you qualify as a doctor, but you have to do whatever the
"Revolution" decides.
While other disciplines do not go so far as to require an oath, everybody is
aware of the commitment he takes on, and if anyone refuses to do his "social
service", a period of some three years work carried out by the graduate
wherever he is sent (almost invariably to a distant province) his degree is
withdrawn, and he is thus prevented from exercising his profession.
It may seem only fair to reimburse the State in this way for its investment
in the professional’s training, but it is not; not when the student is
offered an education "free" as a "generous concession by the Revolution",
and above all when he has no choice between a free and a fee-paying
education. He is only offered the "free" education — accept it and take the
consequences.
Furthermore, it is common knowledge that, in order to be able to leave the
country, thousands of Cubans have had to pay in hard cash for the training
they have completed (naturally, those who pay are their relations abroad,
and in United States dollars) , because the State refuses to allow those who
have received "free" professional training to leave the country.
Let us now examine whether university entry is open to all Cubans. The
present writer was dishonorably expelled from the University of Havana for
having attempted to illegally leave the country with all of his family. His
sister, a second—year student at the Higher Institute for the Teaching of
Foreign Languages (ISPLE) suffered the same fate.
Following the events of 1980, a campaign was unleashed under the slogan "The
University for Revolutionaries". Anybody could be expelled if he did not
maintain "an attitude in keeping with the principles of the Revolution".
Failure to attend the activities of the Federation of University Students
(FEU) which are almost exclusively political, failure to stand guard at the
Faculty, lack of a "combative attitude towards inefficiency", expressing
opinions which are "not in keeping with those expected of a young
revolutionary", practicing any form of religion, and even a preference for
Western music, fashion or other products, are examples of such unacceptable
attitudes. Any of these pretexts may still be used, although not with the
vehemence which was customary at that time.
Currently, in order to enter university, students are required to pass an
entry examination to show they possess the basic knowledge required. In
order to take this examination students need a letter from the Committee for
the Defense of the Revolution vouching for their "political and moral
background". I am familiar with the case of one person who was unable to
take the examinations because the letter from by his Committee for the
Defense of the Revolution stated that he "had friendly relations with
elements who wished to leave the country".
So far we have considered matters covered by paragraph 1 of article 26 of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Let us now look at paragraph 2.
From early childhood Cubans are taught to hate everything connected with the
United States. Universal history is falsified and reduced to a question of
"good guys and bad guys", in which, naturally, the "good guys" are always
the communist countries and the "bad guys" are always the capitalist
countries. They are taught that religion is "the opium of the people" and
that those who believe in God are simply ignorant.
Politicization is pushed to an extreme; schoolchildren are taught Marxism
from the eleventh grade. Political courses are part of all studies, and
students are assessed in them as In any other subject: dialectical and
historical materialism, political economy, scientific communism and the
history of the workers’ movement.
Military training is also given to students in all years, and at the end of
their studies there is the so-called "intensive military course", which
lasts between 15 and 45 days.
In contrast, no mention is made of human rights, unless it is to assert that
they are violated by the capitalist countries and observed by the communist
countries; the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is neither taught nor
mentioned at any level of education in Cuba.
With regard to the third and last paragraph of article 26, it has to be
stated that in Cuba the only type of education offered is that provided by
the State. Once again, Cubans have no choice.
Havana, summer 1988.
Sebastian Arcos Cazabón |
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